Researcher Colin Peters draws down an autodissemination device used to attract and infect emerald ash borer beetles with entomopathogenic fungi. Credit: Domini Brown
Background
In the past decade, the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennnis) has caused the death of thousands of ash trees across Minnesota. Larval EAB feed on the layer of ash wood just beneath the bark, leaving behind tunnels (known as galleries) that can stretch up to 20 inches long. This feeding also spreads disease-causing fungi, which can cause tree decay and create hazardous conditions if trunks become too weak to stand.
Other fungal species associated with EAB-infestation may be entomopathogenic—that is, capable of parasitizing the insect and killing it or slowing its spread. These fungi would be promising candidates for EAB biocontrol measures.
Before this project, managers weren’t sure which fungi have been associated with EAB infestation in Minnesota. This project team has identified those species for certain and, in doing so, opened up new possibilities for managing one of our state’s most devastating tree pests. In local samples, researchers have also been on the lookout for signs of another major fungal pathogen, ash dieback.
Project phases
Research project title: Fungi in ash trees: Towards protecting trees from emerald ash borer and new diseases
Taxa: Invertebrate
Species: Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennnis)
Timeline: Completed in 2022
Funding: $500,000
Research questions
- What fungi occur in trees infested with EAB?
- What fungi contribute to canker formation, wood decay, and tree death following EAB infestation?
- Are any of the fungi associated with EAB capable of infecting and killing the insect?
Research project title: Studies of entomopathogenic fungi for effective biocontrol of the emerald ash borer - phase 2
Taxa: Invertebrate
Species: Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennnis)
Timeline: January 2023 to June 2026
Funding: $342,273
Research questions
- What are the entomopathogenic fungi associated with EAB in Minnesota and what is their biology and ecology?
- What procedures promote a pathogenic response?
- What are the outcomes of using entomopathogenic fungi on to-be laid eggs, larvae, and adult insects?
- What is the best inoculation method for field applications?
Outcomes
In the first phase of this project, researchers made important new findings about the fungi associated with EAB which helps better understand the biology and ecology of EAB invasion. Studies showed that fungi can kill EAB. Several species of fungi have been evaluated and have been available for field trials.
In the second phase, the team successfully tested two ways to use entomopathogenic fungi against EAB:
- They confirmed effective use of the autodissemination device (ADD) to target EAB adults. The ADD lures the insect in and coats it in fungal spores, which the insect then passes to its mates. Researchers found successful infection after deployment at various field sites across Minnesota.
- Using fungal tree injections, researchers targeted EAB larvae. They identified fungi that would colonize ash tissue, and injected that fungus into mature ash trees at Wild River State Park. The injection protocol successfully delivered the biocontrol fungus to the main stem of the trees which would persist in most of the trees over time.
Publications
- Fungi from Galleries of the Emerald Ash Borer Produce Cankers in Ash Trees (Forests, 2021)
- Fungi associated with galleries of the emerald ash borer (Fungal Biology, 2021)
- Wood Decay Fungi Associated with Galleries of the Emerald Ash Borer (Forests, 2023)
- Ovicidal effect of entomopathogenic fungi on emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, eggs (Forests, 2024)
- Investigations of potential plant pathogens in forests and nurseries in Minnesota and fungal diversity studies in the Ecuadorean Amazon (dissertation by Nickolas Nasser Rajtar, 2024)
- Entomopathogenic fungi from Minnesota are virulent against emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), adults in a laboratory autodissemination device assay (Forests, 2025)
- Does emerald ash borer infestation alter ash phloem microbial communities over time? (Phytobiomes Journal, 2026)
Outreach
- 87th Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America, 2019
- International Congress on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control & 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 2021
- Minnesota Mycological Society meeting, 2021
- Mycological Society of America Annual Meeting, 2022
- Emerald ash borer training, Fort Worth Nature Center, 2022
- 59th Annual Minnesota Shade Tree Short Course, 2022
- Minnesota Mycological Society, 2024
- Youth Tree Climbing Camp, 2024
- UFOR Community Forestry Field Day, 2024
- Upper Midwest Invasive Species Conference, 2024
- Department of Plant Pathology Seminar Series, 2024
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology Weekly Seminar Series, 2024
- Minnesota Shade Tree Short Course, 2025
- Bell Museum Spotlight Science, 2025
- Minnesota Department of Agriculture yearly meeting, 2026
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Wabasha Forestry Day, 2026
- Oregon State EAB Research Subcommittee meeting, 2026
- Rainbow Ecoscience Science Council meeting, 2026
- Spark-Y Insect ID and Management Workshop, 2026
News and media
- Fungal Friends & Foes: Researchers, local park boards – and fungi – come together to fight the emerald ash borer in Minnesota (Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center, 2019)
- Meet the Researcher: Ben Held (Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center)
- U of M researchers find potential cure for emerald ash borer beetle (Axios Twin Cities, 2021)
- U of M researchers look at fungi to stop emerald ash borer (Post Bulletin, 2021)
- U of M Researchers Make Gains on Emerald Ash Borer Control (MSP Mag, 2021)
- U Of M Scientists Discover Fungi That 'Attack' Emerald Ash Borer (CBS Minnesota, 2021)
- Fungi shows promise against emerald ash borer (Wisconsin State Farmer, 2021)
- Entomopathogenic Fungi associated with the Emerald Ash Borer (Minnesota Mycological Society Newsletter, 2021)
- State Of The Tribes 2021 Recap, Fungi Could Beat Emerald Ash Borer (podcast, Wisconsin Public Radio, 2021)
- U of M researchers hope fungus can help fight Emerald Ash Borer (KSTP, 2021)
- University of Minnesota works on 'attack fungi' that could fight emerald ash borer (Star Tribune, 2021)
- U of M study: Fungi may stop emerald ash borers (Duluth News Tribune, 2021)
- U of M scientists discover attacking fungi that show promise against emerald ash borer (University of Minnesota Research Brief, 2021)
- Fungi’s hidden role in the emerald ash borer crisis (CFANS news, 2023)
- Fungi contribute to loss of structural strength in trees attacked by emerald ash borer (UMN News, 2023)
- Taking a stand for trees: rebuffing the emerald ash borer (University of Minnesota, 2024)
- Entomopathogenic fungi may be the key to biocontrol for emerald ash borer (MITPPC, 2024)
- Entomopathogens and emerald ash borer (Minnesota Mycological Society, 2024)
- Research on ovicidal fungi and emerald ash borer demonstrates biocontrol potential (CFANS, 2025)
- Fungi from Minnesota can kill emerald ash borer beetles (UMN News, 2025)
- U of M study finds fungi is really good at killing emerald ash borer (Bring Me the News, 2025)
- Fungi from Minnesota can kill emerald ash borer beetles (Madison Daily Leader, 2025)
- U of M study reveals fungi from Minnesota can kill emerald ash borer beetles (Kare 11, 2025)
- U of M scientists find fungi can fight emerald ash borers (MPR, 2025)
- Scientists testing fungi to protect Minnesota's one billion ash trees (MPR, 2025)
- Several species of Minnesota fungi are "effective at killing" emerald ash borer beetles, UMN study finds (CBS News, 2025)
- Rising from the ashes: An invasive insect, emerald ash borer, threatens widespread tree death in northern Minnesota. What happens next? (Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, 2026)
- The fight to save ash trees just had a mega plot twist (K & J Lumber, 2026)
- Minnesota turns to native fungi to kill emerald ash borer in marshes too remote to treat (The Cool Down, 2026)
- Tree-killing Asian beetle that has wreaked havoc in U.S. detected in EU for first time (CBS News, 2026)